VLANs isolate traffic at the network layer using hardware switches, while microsegmentation applies identity-based rules to individual workloads regardless of their network location.
Zero trust network access shifts security from the network edge to the individual workload, ensuring that no connection is trusted by default regardless of its origin or destination.
Workload identity replaces static credentials with short-lived tokens, preventing attackers from hijacking services even if they breach your network perimeter.